Another potential cause could be because the RPi.GPIO library has C bindings and therefore need to have python-dev installed in order to compile correctly when installing. Make sure you've got the python-dev package installed along with the RPi.GPIO package. Sudo apt-get install python-dev python-rpi.gpio This is the recommended approach on the Adafriuit installation guide. May 30, 2012 The RPi.GPIO Python library allows you to easily configure and read-write the input/output pins on the Pi’s GPIO header within a Python script. Thankfully this library is now including in the standard Raspbian image available from the Foundations Download Page. Jun 25, 2018 RTK.GPIO Python Library. The RTK GPIO board allows you to connect the world of physical computing to you desktop PC or laptop. The RTK GPIO board emulates the original Raspberry Pi 28-pin GPIO header allowing you to program for the Raspberry Pi on your computer. Installing GPIO Zero¶. GPIO Zero is installed by default in the Raspbian image, and the Raspberry Pi Desktop image for PC/Mac, both available from raspberrypi.org.Follow these guides to installing on Raspbian Lite and other operating systems, including for PCs using the remote GPIO feature. The Raspberry Pi has Raspbian as the default OS where the Python library RPi.GPIO is already loaded. It is currently using the version 0.6.2, which can be downloaded at pypi.python.org. Examples explaining how to use this library are available on open source websites.
Bob Savage <bobsavage@mac.com>
Python on a Macintosh running Mac OS X is in principle very similar to Python onany other Unix platform, but there are a number of additional features such asthe IDE and the Package Manager that are worth pointing out.
Mac OS X 10.8 comes with Python 2.7 pre-installed by Apple. If you wish, youare invited to install the most recent version of Python 3 from the Pythonwebsite (https://www.python.org). A current “universal binary” build of Python,which runs natively on the Mac’s new Intel and legacy PPC CPU’s, is availablethere.
What you get after installing is a number of things:
A Python3.8
folder in your Applications
folder. In hereyou find IDLE, the development environment that is a standard part of officialPython distributions; PythonLauncher, which handles double-clicking Pythonscripts from the Finder; and the “Build Applet” tool, which allows you topackage Python scripts as standalone applications on your system.
A framework /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework
, which includes thePython executable and libraries. The installer adds this location to your shellpath. To uninstall MacPython, you can simply remove these three things. Asymlink to the Python executable is placed in /usr/local/bin/.
The Apple-provided build of Python is installed in/System/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework
and /usr/bin/python
,respectively. You should never modify or delete these, as they areApple-controlled and are used by Apple- or third-party software. Remember thatif you choose to install a newer Python version from python.org, you will havetwo different but functional Python installations on your computer, so it willbe important that your paths and usages are consistent with what you want to do.
IDLE includes a help menu that allows you to access Python documentation. If youare completely new to Python you should start reading the tutorial introductionin that document.
If you are familiar with Python on other Unix platforms you should read thesection on running Python scripts from the Unix shell.
Your best way to get started with Python on Mac OS X is through the IDLEintegrated development environment, see section The IDE and use the Help menuwhen the IDE is running.
If you want to run Python scripts from the Terminal window command line or fromthe Finder you first need an editor to create your script. Mac OS X comes with anumber of standard Unix command line editors, vim andemacs among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,BBEdit or TextWrangler from Bare Bones Software (seehttp://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as isTextMate (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors includeGvim (http://macvim-dev.github.io/macvim/) and Aquamacs(http://aquamacs.org/).
To run your script from the Terminal window you must make sure that/usr/local/bin
is in your shell search path.
To run your script from the Finder you have two options:
Drag it to PythonLauncher
Select PythonLauncher as the default application to open yourscript (or any .py script) through the finder Info window and double-click it.PythonLauncher has various preferences to control how your script islaunched. Option-dragging allows you to change these for one invocation, or useits Preferences menu to change things globally.
With older versions of Python, there is one Mac OS X quirk that you need to beaware of: programs that talk to the Aqua window manager (in other words,anything that has a GUI) need to be run in a special way. Use pythonwinstead of python to start such scripts.
With Python 3.8, you can use either python or pythonw.
Python on OS X honors all standard Unix environment variables such asPYTHONPATH
, but setting these variables for programs started from theFinder is non-standard as the Finder does not read your .profile
or.cshrc
at startup. You need to create a file~/.MacOSX/environment.plist
. See Apple’s Technical Document QA1067 fordetails.
For more information on installation Python packages in MacPython, see sectionInstalling Additional Python Packages.
MacPython ships with the standard IDLE development environment. A goodintroduction to using IDLE can be found athttp://www.hashcollision.org/hkn/python/idle_intro/index.html.
There are several methods to install additional Python packages:
Packages can be installed via the standard Python distutils mode (pythonsetup.pyinstall
).
Many packages can also be installed via the setuptools extensionor pip wrapper, see https://pip.pypa.io/.
There are several options for building GUI applications on the Mac with Python.
PyObjC is a Python binding to Apple’s Objective-C/Cocoa framework, which isthe foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC isavailable from https://pypi.org/project/pyobjc/.
The standard Python GUI toolkit is tkinter
, based on the cross-platformTk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OSX by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed fromhttps://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
wxPython is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively onMac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from https://www.wxpython.org.
PyQt is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on MacOS X. More information can be found athttps://riverbankcomputing.com/software/pyqt/intro.
The “Build Applet” tool that is placed in the MacPython 3.6 folder is fine forpackaging small Python scripts on your own machine to run as a standard Macapplication. This tool, however, is not robust enough to distribute Pythonapplications to other users.
The standard tool for deploying standalone Python applications on the Mac ispy2app. More information on installing and using py2app can be foundat http://undefined.org/python/#py2app.
The MacPython mailing list is an excellent support resource for Python users anddevelopers on the Mac:
Another useful resource is the MacPython wiki:
As a popular open source development project, Python has an activesupporting community of contributors and users that also make their softwareavailable for other Python developers to use under open source license terms.
This allows Python users to share and collaborate effectively, benefitingfrom the solutions others have already created to common (and sometimeseven rare!) problems, as well as potentially contributing their ownsolutions to the common pool.
This guide covers the installation part of the process. For a guide tocreating and sharing your own Python projects, refer to thedistribution guide.
Note
For corporate and other institutional users, be aware that manyorganisations have their own policies around using and contributing toopen source software. Please take such policies into account when makinguse of the distribution and installation tools provided with Python.
pip
is the preferred installer program. Starting with Python 3.4, itis included by default with the Python binary installers.
A virtual environment is a semi-isolated Python environment that allowspackages to be installed for use by a particular application, rather thanbeing installed system wide.
venv
is the standard tool for creating virtual environments, and hasbeen part of Python since Python 3.3. Starting with Python 3.4, itdefaults to installing pip
into all created virtual environments.
virtualenv
is a third party alternative (and predecessor) tovenv
. It allows virtual environments to be used on versions ofPython prior to 3.4, which either don’t provide venv
at all, oraren’t able to automatically install pip
into created environments.
The Python Packaging Index is a publicrepository of open source licensed packages made available for use byother Python users.
the Python Packaging Authority is the group ofdevelopers and documentation authors responsible for the maintenance andevolution of the standard packaging tools and the associated metadata andfile format standards. They maintain a variety of tools, documentation,and issue trackers on both GitHub andBitbucket.
distutils
is the original build and distribution system first added tothe Python standard library in 1998. While direct use of distutils
isbeing phased out, it still laid the foundation for the current packagingand distribution infrastructure, and it not only remains part of thestandard library, but its name lives on in other ways (such as the nameof the mailing list used to coordinate Python packaging standardsdevelopment).
Changed in version 3.5: The use of venv
is now recommended for creating virtual environments.
See also
The standard packaging tools are all designed to be used from the commandline.
The following command will install the latest version of a module and itsdependencies from the Python Packaging Index:
Note
For POSIX users (including Mac OS X and Linux users), the examples inthis guide assume the use of a virtual environment.
For Windows users, the examples in this guide assume that the option toadjust the system PATH environment variable was selected when installingPython.
It’s also possible to specify an exact or minimum version directly on thecommand line. When using comparator operators such as >
, <
or some otherspecial character which get interpreted by shell, the package name and theversion should be enclosed within double quotes:
Normally, if a suitable module is already installed, attempting to installit again will have no effect. Upgrading existing modules must be requestedexplicitly:
More information and resources regarding pip
and its capabilities can befound in the Python Packaging User Guide.
Creation of virtual environments is done through the venv
module.Installing packages into an active virtual environment uses the commands shownabove.
See also
These are quick answers or links for some common tasks.
pip
in versions of Python prior to Python 3.4?¶Python only started bundling pip
with Python 3.4. For earlier versions,pip
needs to be “bootstrapped” as described in the Python PackagingUser Guide.
See also
Passing the --user
option to python-mpipinstall
will install apackage just for the current user, rather than for all users of the system.
A number of scientific Python packages have complex binary dependencies, andaren’t currently easy to install using pip
directly. At this point intime, it will often be easier for users to install these packages byother meansrather than attempting to install them with pip
.
See also
On Linux, Mac OS X, and other POSIX systems, use the versioned Python commandsin combination with the -m
switch to run the appropriate copy ofpip
:
Appropriately versioned pip
commands may also be available.
On Windows, use the py
Python launcher in combination with the -m
switch:
On Linux systems, a Python installation will typically be included as partof the distribution. Installing into this Python installation requiresroot access to the system, and may interfere with the operation of thesystem package manager and other components of the system if a componentis unexpectedly upgraded using pip
.
On such systems, it is often better to use a virtual environment or aper-user installation when installing packages with pip
.
It is possible that pip
does not get installed by default. One potential fix is:
There are also additional resources for installing pip.
Python has typically relied heavily on source based distribution, with endusers being expected to compile extension modules from source as part ofthe installation process.
With the introduction of support for the binary wheel
format, and theability to publish wheels for at least Windows and Mac OS X through thePython Packaging Index, this problem is expected to diminish over time,as users are more regularly able to install pre-built extensions ratherthan needing to build them themselves.
Some of the solutions for installing scientific softwarethat are not yet available as pre-built wheel
files may also help withobtaining other binary extensions without needing to build them locally.
See also